Linking Tourists’ Motivation to Behavior Intentions through Government Policies and Tourists’ Satisfaction: Evidence from Ramelau Mountain as a tourist destination in Timor-Leste
Keywords:
Tourist Motivation, Government Roles, Tourist Satisfaction, Tourist Behavior Intention, Timor-Leste
Abstract
This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM) with Smart-PLS 3.0 to investigate the complex interrelationships among tourist motivation, tourist satisfaction, government roles, and tourist behavior intention within tourism destinations. Analyzing data collected from a sample of tourists, the study finds that tourist motivation directly enhances perceptions of government roles positively and significantly impacts tourists satisfaction. However, the direct influence of tourists motivation on tourist behavior intention is not statistically significant. Indirectly, tourists motivation affects tourist behavior intention through tourists satisfaction and government roles as mediators, with tourists satisfaction positively enhancing tourist behavior intention and government roles exerting a negative impact when perceived excessively. Theoretical implications underscore the role of mediating factors in shaping tourist behavior intentions, while practical implications emphasize strategies to improve tourist satisfaction and optimize government roles for sustainable destination management. Future research should explore additional mediators and conduct comparative and longitudinal studies across varied tourism contexts to strengthen the validity and generalizability of these findings.
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References
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Chen, C.-F., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Tourism destination image modification process: A marketing strategy perspective. Tourism Management, 35, 587–596.
Correia, A., Kozak, M., & Ferradeira, J. (2013). From tourist motivations to tourist satisfaction. International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research, 7(4), 411-424.
Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), 187-219.
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Dredge, D., Dominey-Howes, D., & Fenton, M. (2019). Sustainable tourism development: A complex adaptive systems approach. Tourism Management, 70, 183-193.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current issues in tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Gao, J., & Kerstetter, D.L. (2018). From sad to happy to happier: Emotion regulation strategies used during a vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 1-14.
Gnoth, J. (1997). Tourism motivation and expectation formation. Annals of Tourism research, 24(2), 283-304.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of sustainable tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
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Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24.
Hall, C. M. (2016). Tourism and regional development: New pathways. Routledge.
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Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135.
Hudson, S., Hudson, D., & Miller, G. (2015). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 1-21.
International Test Commission (ITC). (2019). ITC guidelines for the large-scale assessment of linguistically and culturally diverse populations. International Journal of Testing, 19(4), 301-336.
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Allen, J. R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53(2), 141-149.
Kim, H. J., & Uysal, H. (2021). Shifting the discourse of plagiarism and ethics: A cultural opportunity in higher education. International Journal of Ethics Education, 6(1), 163-176.
Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., Petrick, J. F., & Kim, Y. S. (2020). The influence of perceived risk and intervention on international tourists’ behavior during the Hong Kong protest: Application of an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 622-632.
Kim, S. S., & Jogaratnam, G. (2018). Push and pull motivations for pleasure travel to a rural tourism destination: A conceptual framework. Journal of Travel Research, 57(7), 854-869.
Kim, S., Lee, J., & Klenosky, D. B. (2017). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks: Locals' insights. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 48–57.
Kim, T. T., & Magnuson, W. J. (2017). Chinese outbound tourists' perceptions of hotel performance: Importance-performance analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3), 352-365.
Kim, Y. G., Shin, S., & Lee, S. H. (2020). Understanding festival motivation through push and pull factors: The case of the Jarasum Jazz Festival. Event Management, 24(3), 349-361.
Lai, I. K. W., & Hitchcock, M. (2015). Importance–performance analysis in tourism: A framework for researchers. Tourism management, 48, 242-267.
Lee, J., & Kim, J. J. (2023). A study on market segmentation according to wellness tourism motivation and differences in behavior between the groups—focusing on satisfaction, behavioral intention, and flow. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1063.
Lee, K.-C., & Kim, J.-H. (2016). Factors influencing the repurchase intention of golf tourists: A relationship marketing approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(11), 1185-1204.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge.
Mariani, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Big data and analytics in hospitality and tourism: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(1), 231-278.
Mbama, C. I., Ezepue, P., Alboul, L., & Beer, M. (2018). Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing. Marketing, 12(4), 432-451.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2016). The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists' intentions: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 57, 397-410.
Mohamad, M., Ab Ghani, N. I., & Nasir, M. M. (2019). The impact of perceived value, destination service quality and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty among international tourists visiting Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 4(16), 10-26.
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Developing a community support model for tourism. Annals of tourism research, 38(3), 964-988.
Nunkoo, R., Daronkola, H. K., & Gholipour, H. F. (2022). Does domestic tourism influence COVID-19 cases and deaths?. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(3), 338-351.
OECD., K. (2018). OECD science, technology and innovation outlook 2018. Paris: OECD publishing.
Oliver, R. L. (2014). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge.
Pan, J., Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Wen, T. C. (2022). Anticipating Z-generation tourists’ green hotel visit intention utilizing an extended theory of planned behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1008705
Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (2019). Tourism motivation and destination choice. In Handbook of Tourism Economics (pp. 93-107). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Prayag, G., & Lee, C. (2019). Tourist motivation and place attachment: The mediating effects of service interactions with hotel employees. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 90-106.
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of travel research, 56(1), 41-54.
Richter, N. F., Cepeda-Carrión, G., Roldán Salgueiro, J. L., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). European management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Management Journal, 34 (6), 589-597.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair Jr, J. F. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of family business strategy, 5(1), 105-115.
Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gössling, S. (2019). Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 49-61.
Shen, S., Lu, W., & Jopp, R. (2019). The role of tourism in poverty alleviation: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 72, 260-271.
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UNWTO. (2019). UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition. World Tourism Organization.
Uysal, M., Berbekova, A., & Kim, H. (2020). Designing for quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102944.
Vallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (Eds.). (2019). Passion for work: Theory, research, and applications. Oxford University Press.
Viana, R. M. J., de Sousa Saldanha, E., & Barreto, D. M. (2021). The Impact of Tourism Destination Image on Tourist Behavioral Intention through Tourist Satisfaction: Evidence from the Ramelau Mountain, Timor-Leste. Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management, 3, 46-59.
Wang, C. Y., & Hsu, M. K. (2010). The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829-843.
Wang, J., Li, Y., Wu, B., & Wang, Y. (2021). Tourism destination image based on tourism user generated content on internet. Tourism Review, 76(1), 125-137.
Wang, T. L., Tran, P. T. K., & Tran, V. T. (2017). Destination perceived quality, tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth. Tourism Review, 72(4), 392-410.
Xiang, K., Xu, C., & Wang, J. (2021). Understanding the relationship between tourists’ consumption behavior and their consumption substitution willingness under unusual environment. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 483-500.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism management, 26(1), 45-56.
Zeng, L., Li, R. Y. M., & Huang, X. (2021). Sustainable mountain-based health and wellness tourist destinations: The interrelationships between tourists’ satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and competitiveness. Sustainability, 13(23), 13314.
Zhang, Y., Shao, W., & Thaichon, P. (2021). Investigating tourist post-travel evaluation and behavioural intention: a cultural intelligence perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(10), 2037-2053.
Assaker, G., & Hallak, R. (2013). Moderating effects of tourists’ novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, visitor satisfaction, and short-and long-term revisit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 600-613.
Baker, D. A. & Crompton, J. L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27, 785–804.
Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657-681.
Chen, C.-F., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Tourism destination image modification process: A marketing strategy perspective. Tourism Management, 35, 587–596.
Correia, A., Kozak, M., & Ferradeira, J. (2013). From tourist motivations to tourist satisfaction. International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research, 7(4), 411-424.
Dann, G. M. (1981). Tourist motivation an appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), 187-219.
Dredge, D., & Jenkins, J. (2007). Tourism Planning and Policy: An Introduction. In D. Dredge & J. Jenkins (Eds.), Tourism Planning and Policy (pp. 1-24). John Wiley & Sons.
Dredge, D., Dominey-Howes, D., & Fenton, M. (2019). Sustainable tourism development: A complex adaptive systems approach. Tourism Management, 70, 183-193.
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current issues in tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Gao, J., & Kerstetter, D.L. (2018). From sad to happy to happier: Emotion regulation strategies used during a vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 69, 1-14.
Gnoth, J. (1997). Tourism motivation and expectation formation. Annals of Tourism research, 24(2), 283-304.
Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of sustainable tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
Government of Timor-Leste. (2011). Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030. Retrieved from http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=13498&lang=en
Gretzel, U. (2019). The role of social media in creating and addressing overtourism. Overtourism: Issues, realities and solutions, 1, 62-75.
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24.
Hall, C. M. (2016). Tourism and regional development: New pathways. Routledge.
Han, J., Zuo, Y., Law, R., Chen, S., & Zhang, M. (2021). Service quality in tourism public health: trust, satisfaction, and loyalty. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 731279.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135.
Hudson, S., Hudson, D., & Miller, G. (2015). The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 1-21.
International Test Commission (ITC). (2019). ITC guidelines for the large-scale assessment of linguistically and culturally diverse populations. International Journal of Testing, 19(4), 301-336.
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Allen, J. R. (1982). The dynamics of leisure motivation: The effects of outcome on leisure needs. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53(2), 141-149.
Kim, H. J., & Uysal, H. (2021). Shifting the discourse of plagiarism and ethics: A cultural opportunity in higher education. International Journal of Ethics Education, 6(1), 163-176.
Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., Petrick, J. F., & Kim, Y. S. (2020). The influence of perceived risk and intervention on international tourists’ behavior during the Hong Kong protest: Application of an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 622-632.
Kim, S. S., & Jogaratnam, G. (2018). Push and pull motivations for pleasure travel to a rural tourism destination: A conceptual framework. Journal of Travel Research, 57(7), 854-869.
Kim, S., Lee, J., & Klenosky, D. B. (2017). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks: Locals' insights. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 48–57.
Kim, T. T., & Magnuson, W. J. (2017). Chinese outbound tourists' perceptions of hotel performance: Importance-performance analysis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3), 352-365.
Kim, Y. G., Shin, S., & Lee, S. H. (2020). Understanding festival motivation through push and pull factors: The case of the Jarasum Jazz Festival. Event Management, 24(3), 349-361.
Lai, I. K. W., & Hitchcock, M. (2015). Importance–performance analysis in tourism: A framework for researchers. Tourism management, 48, 242-267.
Lee, J., & Kim, J. J. (2023). A study on market segmentation according to wellness tourism motivation and differences in behavior between the groups—focusing on satisfaction, behavioral intention, and flow. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2), 1063.
Lee, K.-C., & Kim, J.-H. (2016). Factors influencing the repurchase intention of golf tourists: A relationship marketing approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(11), 1185-1204.
Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism, security and safety. Routledge.
Mariani, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Big data and analytics in hospitality and tourism: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(1), 231-278.
Mbama, C. I., Ezepue, P., Alboul, L., & Beer, M. (2018). Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing. Marketing, 12(4), 432-451.
Meng, B., & Choi, K. (2016). The role of authenticity in forming slow tourists' intentions: Developing an extended model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism Management, 57, 397-410.
Mohamad, M., Ab Ghani, N. I., & Nasir, M. M. (2019). The impact of perceived value, destination service quality and tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty among international tourists visiting Malaysia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 4(16), 10-26.
Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2011). Developing a community support model for tourism. Annals of tourism research, 38(3), 964-988.
Nunkoo, R., Daronkola, H. K., & Gholipour, H. F. (2022). Does domestic tourism influence COVID-19 cases and deaths?. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(3), 338-351.
OECD., K. (2018). OECD science, technology and innovation outlook 2018. Paris: OECD publishing.
Oliver, R. L. (2014). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge.
Pan, J., Teng, Y. M., Wu, K. S., & Wen, T. C. (2022). Anticipating Z-generation tourists’ green hotel visit intention utilizing an extended theory of planned behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1008705
Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. L. (2019). Tourism motivation and destination choice. In Handbook of Tourism Economics (pp. 93-107). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Prayag, G., & Lee, C. (2019). Tourist motivation and place attachment: The mediating effects of service interactions with hotel employees. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 90-106.
Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of travel research, 56(1), 41-54.
Richter, N. F., Cepeda-Carrión, G., Roldán Salgueiro, J. L., & Ringle, C. M. (2016). European management research using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). European Management Journal, 34 (6), 589-597.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Smith, D., Reams, R., & Hair Jr, J. F. (2014). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers. Journal of family business strategy, 5(1), 105-115.
Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gössling, S. (2019). Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 77, 49-61.
Shen, S., Lu, W., & Jopp, R. (2019). The role of tourism in poverty alleviation: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 72, 260-271.
UNWTO. (2015). UNWTO Annual Report 2015. World Tourism Organization.
UNWTO. (2019). UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition. World Tourism Organization.
Uysal, M., Berbekova, A., & Kim, H. (2020). Designing for quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102944.
Vallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (Eds.). (2019). Passion for work: Theory, research, and applications. Oxford University Press.
Viana, R. M. J., de Sousa Saldanha, E., & Barreto, D. M. (2021). The Impact of Tourism Destination Image on Tourist Behavioral Intention through Tourist Satisfaction: Evidence from the Ramelau Mountain, Timor-Leste. Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management, 3, 46-59.
Wang, C. Y., & Hsu, M. K. (2010). The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829-843.
Wang, J., Li, Y., Wu, B., & Wang, Y. (2021). Tourism destination image based on tourism user generated content on internet. Tourism Review, 76(1), 125-137.
Wang, T. L., Tran, P. T. K., & Tran, V. T. (2017). Destination perceived quality, tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth. Tourism Review, 72(4), 392-410.
Xiang, K., Xu, C., & Wang, J. (2021). Understanding the relationship between tourists’ consumption behavior and their consumption substitution willingness under unusual environment. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 483-500.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a structural model. Tourism management, 26(1), 45-56.
Zeng, L., Li, R. Y. M., & Huang, X. (2021). Sustainable mountain-based health and wellness tourist destinations: The interrelationships between tourists’ satisfaction, behavioral intentions, and competitiveness. Sustainability, 13(23), 13314.
Zhang, Y., Shao, W., & Thaichon, P. (2021). Investigating tourist post-travel evaluation and behavioural intention: a cultural intelligence perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(10), 2037-2053.
Published
2024-12-30
How to Cite
Saldanha, E. and Brites da Silva, H. (2024) “Linking Tourists’ Motivation to Behavior Intentions through Government Policies and Tourists’ Satisfaction: Evidence from Ramelau Mountain as a tourist destination in Timor-Leste”, Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management, 6, pp. 12-25. doi: 10.51703/bm.v6i0.177.
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