Barriers to Career Advancement in the Hotel Industry in Timor-Leste: Study of Gender Stereotyping, Old Boys’ Network and Gender Differences
Keywords:
Gender differences, Hotel, Career advancement, Gender stereotyping, The old boys’ network.
Abstract
The hotel industry in Timor-Leste is female-dominated. However, women are under-represented in managerial and senior executive positions. This study examines the relative importance of gender stereotyping and old boys’ network variables as barriers that impact women’s and men’s career advancement in the hotel industry in Dili, Timor-Leste. A survey questionnaire was distributed at 20 hotels in Dili, Timor-Leste, and 16 hotels granted approval, represented by 385 individuals (226 women and 159 men). These data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results from this study indicated that gender stereotyping had a significant influence as a barrier to career advancement. Old boy’s network had no significant barrier to the career advancement for both in women versus men comparison. Furthermore, the male group scores higher than the female group in the variables of stereotyping in gender differences analysis as the higher scores represent the biases against women. This study is the first study to examine barriers for individuals’ career advancement in the hotel industry of Dili, Timor-Leste. This study suggests theoretical and practical implications on barriers for men’s and women’s career advancement and mitigates gender inequality in the organization.
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References
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Nasurdin, A.M., Ahmad, N.H., & Tan, C.L. (2014). Can career advancement and job security act as collateral for a commitment? Evidence from the hotel industry of Malaysia. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 8(10), 3208-3214.
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Powell, G., & Greenhaus, J. (2010). Sex, gender, and the work-to-family interface: exploring negative and positive interdependencies. Academy of Management Journal, 53: 513–534.
Preece, J. (2017). If party leaders want more women to run, they need to convince them that the “old boys’ network” will support them too. USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog.
Ragins, B. R., and Sundstrom, E. (1989), “Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 105 No. 1, p. 51.
Roger, W. (2017). Key ConCept: GendeR. In Education Studies (pp. 46-52). Routledge.
Schneer, J. A., & Reitman, F. (2002). Managerial life without a wife: Family structure and managerial career success. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), 25-38.
Sirven, N. and Debrand, T., (2012), “Social capital and health of older Europeans: Causal pathways and health inequalities,” Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 75 No. 7, pp.1288-1295.
Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., & Conroy, D. (1994), “How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 899-931.
Tharenou, P. (2005), “Does mentor support increase women's career advancement more than men's? The differential effects of career and psychosocial support”, Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 77-109.
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UNFPA (2017), “Supporting gender equality and women’s right in Timor-Leste,”
https://www.unwomen.org/mdgf/A/Timor-Leste_A.html (accessed April 15, 2020).
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introduction analysis. Harper & Row.
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609–621, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002.
Acker, J. (2006). Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441-464.
Allen, T. D., French, K. A., & Poteet, M. L. (2016). Women and career advancement: Issues and opportunities.
Organizational Dynamics, 45(3), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.07.006
Arbuckle, J.L. (2010). IBM SPSS Amos 19 user’s guide. Crawfordville, FL: Amos Development Corporation, 635.
Asian Development Bank ADB, (2016), “Timor-Leste Country Gender Assessment,” Retrieved from
https://www.adb.org/documents/timor-leste-country-gender-assessment (Accessed April 18, 2020).
Baum, T. (2013). International perspectives on women and work in hotels, catering, and tourism. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Bashir, M. S., Haider, S., Asadullah, M. A., Ahmed, M., & Sajjad, M. (2020). Moderated Mediation Between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: The Role of Procedural Justice and Career Growth Opportunities. SAGE Open, 10(2), 2158244020933336.
Beck G. (2018). Women in the hospitality industry battling gender inequality. Retrieved from https://broad.msu.edu/news/women-hospitality-industry-battling-gender-inequality/ (accessed June 15 2020).
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Brites da Silva, H., Yukongdi, V., Kusakabe, K., & Zimmermann, W. (2021). Career Advancement in the Hotel Industry in Timor-Leste: Study of Individual, Organizational, and Gender Differences. SAGE Open, 11(3), 21582440211032683.
Burke, R.J. and Ng, E., (2006), “The changing nature of work and organizations: Implications for human resource management,” Human Resource Management Review, Vol.16 No. 2, pp.86-94.
Catalyst (2019), “Women in Management”, https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-management/(accessed January 25, 2020).
Castell Report. (2017). The castell project forms to assist the advancement of women professionals in the hospitality industry. Retrieved from https://www.castellproject.org/news/2017/2/28/women-amp-leadership-the-highland-groups-peggy-berg (accessed June 15 2020).
Chang, S. & Gong, Y. (2008) Institutional antecedents and performance consequences of employment security and career advancement practices: Evidence from the people's republic of China. Human Resources Management, 47(1), 33-48.
Datta, S., & Agarwal, U. A. (2017). Factors affecting career advancement of Indian women managers. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(3), 314–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-07-2016-0062
Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual review of psychology, 69, 275-298.
Elliott, J. R., and Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, Gender and Workplace Power.
Freitas, J., Vong, M., & Mendes, J., (Eds) (2016). Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Tourism Destination: Challenges and Opportunities, (ICETD 2016), Dili, Centre for Applied Research & Policy Studies (CARPS) DIT.
Garavan, T.N., O'Brien, F., & O'Hanlon, D. (2006). Career advancement of hotel managers since graduation: a comparative study. Personnel Review.
Guerrier, Y. (1986). Hotel manager an unsuitable job for a woman? The Service Industries Journal, 6(2), 227-240.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E, (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis. 8 ed. Andover, Hampshire: Cengage.
Heilman M. E., (2001). Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657–674. https://doi.org/doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234
Heilman, M.E., (2012), “Gender stereotypes and workplace bias,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 32, pp.113-135.
Helitzer, D. L., Newbill, S. L. Cardinali, G. Morahan, P. S. Chang, S., & Magrane, D. (2016). Narratives of Participants in National Career Development Programs for Women in Academic Medicine: Identifying the Opportunities for Strategic Investment. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(4), 360–370, doi: 10.1089/jwh.2015.5354.
Jani, D., and Han, H. (2013), “Personality, social comparison, consumption emotions, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions: How do these and other factors relate in a hotel setting?”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 25 No. 7, pp. 970-993, DOI: 10.1108/IJCHM-10-2012-0183.
Jauhar, J., & Lau, V. (2018). The glass ceiling and women's career advancement to top management: The moderating effect of social support. Global Business and Management Research, 10(1), 163-178.
Lopes S. (2015). Timor-Leste in Figures 2015. Retrieved from http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Timor-Leste-em-Numeros-20151.pdf
Metz, I. (2003), “Individual, interpersonal, and organizational links to women’s advancement in management in banks,” Women in Management Review, Vol. 18 No. 5, pp. 236–251, DOI: 10.1108/09649420310485087.
Minett, D., Yaman, H. R. and Denizci, B. (2009), “Leadership styles and ethical decision-making in hospitality management,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp. 486-493.
Mihalčová, B., Pružinský, M., & Gontkovičová, B. (2015). The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes in the Work of Managers. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00464-5
Mišić-Andrić, M. (2015), “Women’s career advancement in organizations: Integrative framework for research,” Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness, Vol. 5 No.2, pp. 102–107, DOI: 10.5937/jemc1502102m.
Mooney, S. and Ryan, I. (2009), “A woman's place in hotel management: upstairs or downstairs,” Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 195-210, DOI: 10.1108/17542410910950877.
Napasri, T. and Yukongdi, V. (2015), “A study of Thai female executives: Perceived barriers to career advancement,” Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, Vol. 4 No. 3, p.108.
Nasurdin, A.M., Ahmad, N.H., & Tan, C.L. (2014). Can career advancement and job security act as collateral for a commitment? Evidence from the hotel industry of Malaysia. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 8(10), 3208-3214.
Parks-yancy, R. (2010). Equal Work, Unequal Careers : African Americans in the Workforce. Forum American Bar Association. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.co.th/scholar?hl=en&lr=lang_en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Parks-Yancy%2C+2010&btnG=
Poulston, J. (2008). Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 20(4), 412-427.
Powell, G., & Greenhaus, J. (2010). Sex, gender, and the work-to-family interface: exploring negative and positive interdependencies. Academy of Management Journal, 53: 513–534.
Preece, J. (2017). If party leaders want more women to run, they need to convince them that the “old boys’ network” will support them too. USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog.
Ragins, B. R., and Sundstrom, E. (1989), “Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 105 No. 1, p. 51.
Roger, W. (2017). Key ConCept: GendeR. In Education Studies (pp. 46-52). Routledge.
Schneer, J. A., & Reitman, F. (2002). Managerial life without a wife: Family structure and managerial career success. Journal of Business Ethics, 37(1), 25-38.
Sirven, N. and Debrand, T., (2012), “Social capital and health of older Europeans: Causal pathways and health inequalities,” Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 75 No. 7, pp.1288-1295.
Tharenou, P., Latimer, S., & Conroy, D. (1994), “How do you make it to the top? An examination of influences on women's and men's managerial advancement”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 899-931.
Tharenou, P. (2005), “Does mentor support increase women's career advancement more than men's? The differential effects of career and psychosocial support”, Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 77-109.
Ting, W. M., Wai Chuen, E. P., & Ahmad, N. B. (2020). A Study on Factors Affecting Career Advancement in Organization at Klang Valley. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(2).
Timor-Leste Strategic Development Plan (SDP) 2011–2030. Retrieved from http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Timor-Leste-Strategic-Plan-2011-20301.pdf.
Thomas, R., Cooper, M., Konar, E., Rooney, M., Noble-Tolla, M., Bohrer, A., and Robinson, N. (2018), “Women in the Workplace 2018–Lean In and McKinsey & Company”, Hämtad från https://womenintheworkplace. com/doi, 10, 0045-3609.
UNIFEM (2015). The quota for women in parliament of Timor-Leste. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/East_Timor/sub5_10f/entry-3593.html
UNFPA (2017), “Supporting gender equality and women’s right in Timor-Leste,”
https://www.unwomen.org/mdgf/A/Timor-Leste_A.html (accessed April 15, 2020).
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introduction analysis. Harper & Row.
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609–621, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002.
Published
2021-12-20
How to Cite
Brites da Silva, H., Yukongdi, V., Ribeiro, F. and Barreto, E. (2021) “Barriers to Career Advancement in the Hotel Industry in Timor-Leste: Study of Gender Stereotyping, Old Boys’ Network and Gender Differences”, Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management, 3(2), pp. 34-46. doi: 10.51703/bm.v3i2.50.
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Articles
Copyright (c) 2021 Timor Leste Journal of Business and Management
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
